Lesson Thirty-Three : Interrogat et Respondet /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

Welcome to Capitulum Tertium, Scaena Secunda. Scaena, you may remember, means scene. Out of interest, scaena is also the word for a stage, and the root of the word scenery, but I mention that only in passing. You’ll notice an additional persōna (character) in this scene; Aemilia, who arrives - Aemilia venit. - at the end of Scaena Prīma.

Aemilia venit. from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 20 (detail)

We are reading 13 lines this lesson (lines 22-34), but these 13 lines contain 10 nōva vocābula. This is a lot for such a short section of text. Prepare yourself by examining the notes in the margin. I make some comments about the nōva vocābula in the next paragraph, but you may wish to skip that until after you’ve done the reading.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 20

You may wish to skip this paragraph until after the reading. The double arrow between interrogat and respondet tells us that they are opposites. It’s not always safe to assume that words that look like English words mean the same thing, but here it more or less is. Cur…? and quia are a question and its logical response. Try to puzzle out their meaning for yourself, but I’ll define them below. The : between eam and Iūliam tells us that they mean the same thing in this context. In short, eam is a pronoun, and here it means her (meaning Julia). Capitulum Tertium is called Puer Improbus, and refers to Mārcus. What kind of boy hits his sister? The double arrow tells us that probus is the opposite of improbus. The pronouns mē and tē are introduced without comment, as is the exclamation Fu! Can you determine their meaning for yourself?

Now, READ lines 22-34.

  • interrogat : asks

    respondet : responds

    cur? : Why?

    quia : because

    eam : she (or sometimes it - it depends)

    improbus : bad, poor, inferior, wicked, reprobate, abandoned, vile, base, impious, shameless, unjust, dishonest, bold, fierce, outrageous, impudent (just a few suggestions from my dictionary)

    probus : the opposite of improbus

    mē : me

    tē : you (when you’re the object)

    fu! : Something you say when you are annoyed or disgusted.

Satis est. See you soon.

Lesson Thirty-Two : Quintus Marcum videt. /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

In the previous lesson we talked a little about objects, and I want to expand on that now. The rule is that -a nouns (Iūlia, Aemilia, īnsula) and -us/-r nouns (Marcus, fluvius, puer) all change their endings to an -m when they are the object of a sentence. While -um nouns (oppidum), which already end in an -m, just stay the same.

Changing a word to make it the object might seem strange to English speakers, but just remember that we do it with pronouns all the time. Just try saying ‘I see he in the garden’, ‘Me is happy’ or ‘Them are going walking’. English speakers instinctively use the object form when - and only when - it is appropriate. Latin speakers do this too, but for every single noun and pronoun.

In English we often change a pronoun to show it is the object.

We saw this in action last lesson with the sentence Mārcus Iūliam pulsat. We will see more of it today, beginning in line 11 with Quīntus Mārcum videt. Mārcus nōn videt Quīntum. and a very useful illustration.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 19

With this in mind, and mindful of the new words introduced last lesson, you should now READ lines 11-21 of Capitulum Tertium. This will bring you to the end of Scaena Prīma. One last illustration will help you to understand the new verbs vocat and venit.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 20

Satis est. See you again soon.

Lesson Thirty-One : Family Violence /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

Capitulum Tertium is - in my opinion - problematic. After two chapters in which the only verb was est and its plural sunt, this chapter introduces twelve new verbs. The book’s author - Hans H. Ørberg, has skilfully selected a range of verbs that do not take an object - cry, arrive, sleep - and a range that do take an object - see, hear, call, hit and hit repeatedly. It’s the hitting that potentially causes a problem, as it’s hard to know how comfortable or uncomfortable the material - siblings striking each other, then parents striking children - is going to make readers. I advise to precede cautiously.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 19

If you understand what is meant by a verb taking an object, then jump to the next paragraph. If not, I’ll explain it here. The verb eats can be used with or without an object. We can say Quintus eats. or Quintus eats an apple. In the second sentence, an apple is the object. Some verbs - like sleep and arrive - can’t take an object. You can’t sleep something or arrive something. Others, like hit, certainly can. In the illustration above, Marcus hits Julia.

Titulus Capitulī Tertiī est ‘Puer Improbus’. The puer in question is Mārcus, and once you see what kind of boy he is, you’ll know what improbus means. He is one of the three persōnae (characters) introduced in Scaena Prīma (The First Scene) of a three scene play.

rom Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 19

Today we will read Capitulum Tertium, lines 1-10. The meaning of the new verbs cantat, plōrat and rīdet are cleverly shown through the sounds they make - Lalla, Uhuhu and Hahahae respectively. Pulsat is defined through the illustration in the margin (see above). The adjectives laeta and īrātus require a little more deduction, the adverb iam requires the most of all.

READ Capitulum Tertium, lines 1-10 now. After reading, you can check your understanding of the new words below.

  • laetus -a - um : happy

    īrātus - a - um : angry

    iam : now

    st/ssst : sh/shhh (be quiet)

Satis est. See you back here tomorrow.

Lesson Thirty : Bellum Civile (Civil War) /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodãlēs.

Whenever I teach Capitulum Tertium (Third Chapter) in a classroom environment, I begin with a group reading exercise. I hand out a vocabulary sheet, and a comic book full of Marvel Superheroes and ask the students to read it as best as they can. I thought we’d do the same thing here. (If this doesn’t appeal, you can skip straight to Lesson Thirty-One without missing anything crucial.) Let’s begin with character names.

  • Praefectus Americānus : Captain America

  • Bruce Banner : The scientist who becomes The Hulk

  • Vastus : The Hulk

  • Vir Arāneus : Spider-Man

  • Praefecta Miranda : Captain Marvel

  • Vidua Atra : Black Widow

  • Anser : Goose (the name of a Captain Marvel’s cat)

The vocabulary sheet contains much of the nova vocābula introduced in Capitulum Tertium. The images really help, but some of the words are not so easily explained. I’ll include a translation of those words after the comic, but don’t worry if you don’t understand everything you read here. We’ll go through the Capitulum Tertium bit by bit, beginning next lesson.

Now click on this link to open the Bellum Civile comic in a new window. Click on the + in the top right corner of any picture to expand it. Now you can read the comic, referring back to the vocabulary sheet to help you. And you can check the meaning of some of the more obscure words below. (Again, do not worry if not everything makes sense. I’ve deliberately thrown you into the deep end here.)

  • iam : now

    me : me

    te : you

    eum : him

    fu! : Something you say when disgusted or annoyed.

    hic : here

    cur? : why?

    quia : because

Satis est. See you again soon.

Lesson Twenty Nine : pāgina /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

The final lines of Capitulum Secundum contain only one novum vocābulum (new word), pāgina. pāgina is defined through an illustration in the margin.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 16

And now, read Capitulum Secundum, lines 85-92.

Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta : Capitulum Secundum : lines 85-92 To be fair to the publisher, after Capitulum Secundum extracts will not be given - you will need a copy of the textbook of your own.

Index Capitulōrum from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta

You have now completed Capitulum Secundum of Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta. Bene factum! Soon we will begin Capitulum Tertium. For this, you will need your own copy of the textbook as the text will no longer be given in the lessons. While I have sought permission from the copyright holder to use their text, I have not (yet?) received it.

Satis est. See you real soon.

Lesson Twenty Eight : Ecce Liber Tuus Latīnus! /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

Ecce is a interesting word. It is used to draw somebody’s attention to something. Ecce mea īnsula, for example, means something like Here is my island, See my island, Behold my island and Look, it’s my island. You get the idea.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 16

This picture makes it clear what a liber est, and also introduces two new adjectives, antīquus and novus (the double-headed arrow tells us that they are opposites).

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 16

But there’s more. Today’s short reading (lines 80-84) also introduces the word titulus. You can check your understanding of all the new words after the reading. (The Latin for new words, by the way, is nova vocābula.)

Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta : Capitulum Secundum : lines 80-84. To be fair to the publisher, after Capitulum Secundum extracts will not be given - you will need a copy of the textbook of your own.

  • antīquus : old, ancient

    novus : new, young

    titulus : title

Lastly, just be mindful of the close similarity between the look of librī (books) and līberī (fīliae et filiī).

Satis est. In our next lesson, we will complete our reading of Capitulum Secundum.

Lesson Twenty Seven : Cornelius Enters the Chat /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

Today’s lesson introduces a new character, Cornēlius, and two new word - meus and tuus. These words are adjectives, so like all adjectives you will see their endings change to match the nouns they are describing : servus meus, servus tuus, servī meī, ancilla tua, ancilla mea, ancillae meae, familia mea, familiā meā, servōrum meōrum and servōrum tuōrum.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 15

As often, the text encourages you to determine the meanings of meus and tuus by reading the text and seeing them in context. If you forget the meaning of cuius you can refresh your memory by revisiting Lesson Twenty Three, or by rereading line 35 of Capitulum Secundum. As a side-note, I personally enjoy the use of Quid? here to express disbelief. What?

Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta : Capitulum Secundum : lines 62-79. To be fair to the publisher, after Capitulum Secundum extracts will not be given - you will need a copy of the textbook of your own.

  • meus : my

    tuus : your

You’ve now completed the introduction to the family. Bene factum! Well done! When we return, we will read - in Latin - a little about the Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta textbook.

Satis est. See you shortly.

Lesson Twenty Six : Just Read /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

Three small things, then the reading…

One. Following on from the previous lesson, the margin tells us that magnus numerus oppidōrum = multa oppida and that magnus numerus fluviōrum = multī fluviī.

Two. A new adjective is introduced - cēterī -ae - a - as in cēterī fluviī, cēterae īnsulae and cētera oppida. (You probably recognise it from etcetera). You can check your understanding of cēterī after the reading.

Three. We’ve seen estne and suntne, but -ne can be put after any first word to turn a sentence into a question. For example, Māgnī sunt fluviī Germaniae. The rivers of Germania are big. Māgnīne sunt fluviī Germaniae? Are the rivers of Germania big?

I hope you enjoy the reading, Capitulum Secundum, lines 48-61.

Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta : Capitulum Secundum : lines 48-61 To be fair to the publisher, after Capitulum Secundum extracts will not be given - you will need a copy of the textbook of your own.

  • Cēterī means other. So īnsulae cēterae are (the) other islands. Cetera oppida are (the) other towns.

    Fun Fact: You don’t need to know this just now, but cētera on its own means other things. So etcetera (et cētera) literally means and other things.

Satis est. See you soon.

Lesson Twenty Five : Numbers are Weird /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

Numbers are a bit weird. While adjectives like Graecus and parvus change their endings to match the nouns they are describing, numbers don’t always get it quite right. Here are how the numbers ūnus, duo and trēs change their endings with -a, -us/-r and -um nouns. When a number’s ending is not a perfect match, I’ll underline it and mark it with a 🏛.

ūna īnsula parva : one small island

duae īnsulae parvae : two small islands

trēs īnsulae parvae : three small islands 🏛

ūnus fluvius parvus : one small river or ūnus puer parvus : one small boy

duo fluviī parvī : two small rivers or duo puerī parvī : two small boys 🏛

trēs fluviī parvī : three small rivers or trēs puerī parvī : three small boys 🏛

ūnum oppidum parvum : one small town

duo oppida parva : two small towns 🏛

tria oppida parva : three small towns 🏛 (It almost matches, but be mindful of that extra -i-.)

All of this is outlined in Handy Latin Tables Pars Prima pages 8-12 (although it uses liber (book) instead of puer. (You may notice that liber looses an -e- when it becomes plural : liber becomes librī. Just ignore that for now).

from Handy Latin Tables Pars Prima pages 8-12

Speaking of numbers, the next few lines introduce an interesting idiom : Numerus servōrum est centum. If we think of servōrum here as meaning ‘of enslaved men’, then the meaning of this sentence should become clear. If somebody asks us Quot servī sunt? we can either answer Centum servī sunt. or Numerus servōrum est centum. Centum, you may remember, means one hundred (C).

From here the text declares Centum est magnus numerus. and Numerus servōrum est magnus. In the margin we are told that magnus numerus servōrum = multī servī. The opposite is also true : parvus numerus servōrum = paucī servī. It may be enough to make your head spin, but it will hopefully prepare you for today’s reading, Capitulum Secundum, lines 42-47.

Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta : Capitulum Secundum : lines 42-47. To be fair to the publisher, after Capitulum Secundum extracts will not be given - you will need a copy of the textbook of your own.

Satis est. See you back here tomorrow.

Lesson Twenty Four : Quot? /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

Read the following question and the response to determine the meaning of the question word quot.

Quot līberī sunt in familiā Aemiliae et Iuliī? In familiā Aemiliae Iuliīque sunt trēs līberī, duo filiī et ūna fīlia.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē illustrāta page 13

  • Quot means ‘how many’.

And that’s all you need to know to read Capitulum Secundum, lines 37-41. If you need to jog your memory on the meanings of multī and paucī, reread Lesson Eleven.

Oh, and centum means one hundred (C). Readers often gasp at the idea of centum servī.

Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta : Capitulum Secundum : lines 37-41. To be fair to the publisher, after Capitulum Secundum extracts will not be given - you will need a copy of the textbook of your own.

Satis est. Until next time.

Lesson Twenty Three : Cuius servus est Davus? /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

From Handy Latin Tables Pars Prima, page 8.

Just one new thing in today’s lesson - the word cuius (whose). And only two lines of Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta to read, lines 35-36.

Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta : Capitulum Secundum : lines 35-36. To be fair to the publisher, after Capitulum Secundum extracts will not be given - you will need a copy of the textbook of your own.

Let’s practise the use of cuius with two more questions. Determine the answer to each one for yourself, before you reveal it. Please don’t take my very straightforward questions about human enslavement as any kind of comfort with this cruel and unjust practice.

  • Mēdus servus Iūliī est.

  • Dēlia ancilla Aemiliae est.

Satis est. Until next time.

Lesson Twenty Two : Human Enslavement /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodāles.

Capitulum Secundum, lines 25-34 introduces the vocabulary of human enslavement. This is not the space to discuss the complexities (or simplicities) of this cruel and unjust practice, so I’ll say only this : The Romans had a culture in which they felt comfortable forcefully enslaving other human beings and applying the violence that went along with that.

Here are the new words: servus (enslaved man), ancilla (enslaved woman), dominus (male enslaver, master) and domina (female enslaver, mistress).

As you read, you will notice two new word endings, -ōrum and -ārum. (eg: servōrum, līberõrum, ancillārum). Try to determine the meaning of these new endings for yourself. You can check your understanding below.

Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta : Capitulum Secundum : lines 25-34. To be fair to the publisher, after Capitulum Secundum extracts will not be given - you will need a copy of the textbook of your own.

  • servōrum : of the enslaved men

    ilberōrum : of the children

    ancillårum : of the enslaved women

Before you go, you may have noticed that the number two appeared in the reading as both duo and duae. Again, this is connected to our word families and their genders. The margin provides a convenient summary. You would also say duo fluviī and duae īnsulae.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 14.

Satis est. Hope to see you again soon.

Lesson Twenty One : Who is Marcus? /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

Capitulum Secundum, lines 15-24 introduces four new words, quis, quae, quī and līberī.

Quis, quae and quī all mean ‘who’ and can be found on page 8 of Handy Latin Tables Pars Prīma, along with the other question words introduced in Chapters 1-5.

from Handy Latin Tables Pars Prīma, page 8.

Why are there three words meaning ‘who’? Quis is for males : Quis est Mārcus? Quis est pater Mārcī? Quae is for females : Quae est Iūlia? Quae est māter Mārcī? Quī is for asking about more than one person, as long as at least one of them is male : Quī sunt Iūlia et Mārcus? Quī sunt līberī Aemiliae? (Note: Quae can also be used for asking about a group that is entirely female, but you won’t see that just yet).

Speaking of līberī, Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta does something extremely useful here, which it will do more and more frequently as you progress through the book: It defines the word līberī for you IN LATIN! On lines 21-22 it says Līberī sunt fīliī fīliaeque. (As this is only the second time you’ve met -que, I’ll remind you that this means the same as Līberī sunt fīliī et fīliae.)

Enough from me, enjoy lines 15-24.

Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta : Capitulum Secundum : lines 15-24. To be fair to the publisher, after Capitulum Secundum extracts will not be given - you will need a copy of the textbook of your own.

Satis est! See you soon.

Lesson Twenty : Family Relations /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodalēs.

Today we will learn how to describe the relationship between family members in Latin. First, some new vocabulary. The text has a helpful family tree in the margin that includes the words for father, mother, son and daughter.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 13

Now, how might we say ‘Julius is the father of Marcus and Quintus.’ or ‘Aemelia is the mother of Marcus, Quintus and Julia.’? As always, Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta will show us how it is done. Read Capitulum Secundum, lines 8-14. Afterwards, you can check your understanding below.

Oh, one more thing! Mēdusque means the same thing as et Mēdus.

Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta : Capitulum Secundum : lines 8-14. To be fair to the publisher, after Capitulum Secundum extracts will not be given - you will need a copy of the textbook of your own.

  • of Aemilia : Aemiliae

    of Julius : Iūliī

    of Julia : Iūliae

    of Marcus : Mārcī

    of Quintus : Quīntī

Note : You may have noticed that these possessive endings are the same as the plural endings we met in Capitulum Prīmum. If that seems confusing, just remember that it wasn’t to a Roman. After all, in conversation, we can all tell the difference between cats, cat’s and cats’ even though we can’t see the apostrophe.

Satis est. See you again shortly.

Lesson Nineteen : Capitulum Secundum /  by Anthony Gibbins

Capitulum Secundum begins by introducing the familia Rōmāna, whom we first encountered in Lesson Four, along with the words vir (man), fēmina (woman), puer (boy) and puella (girl).

Two enslaved women and two enslaved men from Lingua Latina Per Se Illustrata. Figures by Playmobil.

Parents and their children from Lingua Latina Per Se Illustrata. Figures by Playmobil.

In the margin, the text helpfully demonstrates the plural forms of vir and puer, using the numbers ūnus and duo to help make the point. You will notice that -r nouns become plural with an -ī just like -us nouns do (Examples: Tiberis et Nīlus duo fluviī sunt. Unus et duo sunt numerī Romānī. Dāvus et Mēdus sunt virī. Quīntus et Mārcus parvī puerī sunt.)

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 13

Now read Capitulum Secundum, lines 1-7.

Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta : Capitulum Secundum : lines 1-7. To be fair to the publisher, after Capitulum Secundum extracts will not be given - you will need a copy of the textbook of your own.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 13

Satis est. See you soon.

Lesson Eighteen : More Spoken Latin /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, Sodālēs.

In today’s lesson I will speak to you about the Latin language and where it is found. I’m not convinced of the Latinity (Latin usage) of my opening question - Ubi est Lingua Latina? - but we have to work with what we have. Perhaps the Romans would have said something more along the lines of Where is the Latin language found? but I don’t think it’s a huge issue.

Once again - congratulations for completing Capitulum Prīmum.

Satis est. I’ll see you back here soon to begin Capitulum Secundum.

Lesson Seventeen : Capitulum Prīmum Completed /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodāles.

In this lesson you will read the final three paragraphs of Lingua Latīna per Sē Illustrāta, Capitulum Prīmum. Rather than spoil anything for you up front, you will have the the opportunity to check your understanding of the three new words introduced - vocābulum, sex and syllaba - after you have completed the reading and tried puzzling them out for yourself. If you forget the names of any of the letters or numbers, or the meanings of mīlle, prīma, secunda or tertia, you should revisit Lesson Sixteen. Enjoy!

Lingua Latina Per Se Illustrata : Capitulum Primum : lines 71-82. To be fair to the publisher, after Capitulum Secundum extracts will not be given - you will need a copy of the textbook of your own.

  • vocābulum : word

    sex : six

    syllaba : syllable

In vocābulō īnsula sex litterae et trēs syllabae sunt: syllaba prīma īn-, secunda -su-, tertia -la. In vocābulō nōn sunt trēs litterae et ūna syllaba. from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, Capitulum Prīmum

Well, you have reached the end of Capitulum Prīmum! Bene factum (Well done)! I encourage you to return to it often and reread.

Satis est. Return soon for some more spoken Latin.

Lesson Sixteen : Lingua Latina Per Se /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

In what remains of Capitulum Prīmum we begin reading about the lingua Latīna (Latin language) in Latin! The expression per sē basically means ‘through itself’.

We are first introduced to four numerī Romānī (Roman numbers) and three litterae Latīnae (Latin letters), the Latin names of which are conveniently provided in the margin.

from Lingua Latina Per Se Illustrata, page 9

Over the page, there is a further littera Latīna - D - and two litterae Graecae (Greek letters), and again they are conveniently listed in the margin along with their Latin names.

from Lingua Latina Per Se Illustrata, page 10

Knowing this, read Capitulum Prīmum, lines 62-70. As you are reading, you will need to determine the meanings of prīma, secunda and tertia for yourself. If you wish, you can click below to check your understanding.

Lingua Latina Per Se Illustrata : Capitulum Primum : lines 62-70. To be fair to the publisher, after Capitulum Secundum extracts will not be given - you will need a copy of the textbook of your own.

  • prīma : first

    secunda : second

    tertia : third

    (You may have noticed that the first three chapters are labeled CAPITULUM PRĪMUM, CAPITULUM SECUNDUM and CAPITULUM TERTIUM.)

Satis est. Come back soon.

Lesson Fifteen : Spoken Latin /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

Reading Latin is fun, but there is nothing quite like hearing spoken Latin and being able to understand it. Today I will speak to you about the Imperium Rōmānum in a way that you can follow and understand. I will speak slowly and repeat myself for clarity. My accent isn’t wonderful and I can spot at least one error (just once, I say in imperium Rōmānum instead of in imperiō Rōmānō), but don’t let that ruin your experience. Enjoy being able to understand spoken Latin and take satisfaction from your progress.

Next lesson we will continue with Capitulum Prīmum, reading about litterae and numerī.

Satis est. See you back here tomorrow.

Lesson Fourteen : Sidequest /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

Note: Like all good sidequests, you might decide to completely ignore this lesson. It doesn’t teach you anything new, although it does give you additional opportunities to practise what you know.

The content in Capitulum Primum lends itself to discussing many lands, not just the Imperium Rōmānum. Below you will find a fantasy map of the imaginary Imperium Cōtānum. I encourage you to read the map and text together and enjoy your ability to understand all that you are reading.

Imagine the tales that one might tell about the Imperium Cōtānum…

Cōta in Ligātiā est. Ligātia in Eltōpiā est. Pēlia et Ligātia et Scāvia in Eltōpiā sunt. Edla et Crespia in Astrōnā sunt. Tiria quoque in Astrōnā est. Nixa and Fresca sunt in Brāxā.

Rāvius est fluvius magnus. Rāvius fluvius magnus in Ligātiā est. Līpus est fluvius parvus in Legātiā. Rāvius et Līpus sunt fluviī in Legātiā. Tius fluvius parvus in Scāviā est. Geltus est fluvius magnus in Frescā. Rāvius et Geltus flaviī magnī sunt. Līpus et Tius fluviī parvī sunt.

Scāpha īnsula parva est. Scāpha et Sūma sunt insulae parvae. Dielga nōn īnsula parva, sed īnsula magna est. Dielga et Pūlga sunt īnsulae magnae.

Delium oppidum est. Aldium et Kia oppida sunt. Montium quoque oppidum est. Celna et Viltum sunt oppida magna. Aldium et Kia sunt oppida parva.

Ubi est imperium Cōtānum? Imperium Cōtānum est in Astrōnā et in Eltōpiā. Crespia et Tiria prōvinciae Cōtānae sunt. Elda nōn est prōvincia Cōtāna: Elda in imperiō Cōtānō nōn est. Nixa et Fresca nōn sunt in imperiō Cōtānō. sed Pēlia et Ligātia et Scāvia sunt prōvinciae Cōtānae.

In imperiō Cōtānō multae sunt prōvinciae. Magnum est imperium Cōtānum.

Now it’s your turn. Take a look at the map below and describe its features in Latin. You might like to write a description, or speak it aloud. Consider drawing your own imaginary map and creating a description of that.

Can you describe the features of the Imperium Nēdōnum? I’ll start you off : Crestus est īnsula parva.

Satis est. See you again soon.